[Nov 02, 2021] Pass CIPS L4M5 Exam Info and Free Practice Test
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NEW QUESTION 36
Which type of question should be used to receive affirmation on statement?
- A. Closed
- B. Leading
- C. Narrow
- D. Open
Answer: A
Explanation:
Different questioning styles can be used to elicit desired responses:
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NEW QUESTION 37
Which of the following is the internal factor that is taken intoprice of a product?
- A. Exchange rate
- B. Customer tastes
- C. Risk management
- D. Elasticity
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
In order to answer this question, you should better consider each option:
'Exchange rate' is the value of one nation's currency versus thecurrency of another nation or economic zone.
This is a macroeconomic factor.
'Elasticity' refers to the degree to which individuals, consumers or producers change their demand or the amount supplied in response to price or income changes. This is a microeconomic factor Consumer tastes refer to the products and services that consumers consciously choose over others. Consumer tastes are so powerful that they can change how businesses conduct their activity. Like elasticity, this is also a microeconomic factor.
Among 4 options, only risk management is the internal factor. Risk pricing is a strategy applied by many companies in the world. To learn how to price the risk, you can read an article from McKinsey:
https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/marketing-and-sales/our-insights/how-to-price-risk-to-win-and-pr This is a question that a student met in her actual exam. The knowledge section is unknown.
LO: Unknown, AC: Unknown
NEW QUESTION 38
Rose is a senior buyer from a skiing equipment retailer. Rose is concerned about the current ski boot shortage and the number of invoicing problems from a key supplier. Shehas decided to have a video conference with Victor, CEO of the supplier. Initially, she intends to threaten Victor with contract termination unless he can improve the situation. However, she is a little wary of doing this as the switching costs are high. Eventually, she decides to seek solutions by encouraging the other party to offer their views and ideas. Rose also prepares some ideas to discuss with Victor. Which of the following is the persuasion method that Rose intends to use in the forthcoming conference?
- A. Directive (push)
- B. Visionary (pull)
- C. Persuasive reasoning (push)
- D. Collaborative (pull)
Answer: D
Explanation:
There are two major persuasion methods: 'push' and 'pull'.
Persuasion can be defined as encouraging someone to dosomething that you want them to do for you.
Persuasion is reasoning with someone so that they will believe or do something they might not otherwise do.
Persuasion can be considered as 'pushing' on TOP so that they can accept the change in attitude or behaviour as a result of your actions.
Influence is the ability to affect the manner of thinking of another. Influence can be considered as pulling on TOP so that you achieve the same result, but TOP feels they have changed their attitude or behaviour as a result of their reflection and thinking, and not your direct actions.
There are multiple variables to consider when choosing between 'push' and 'pull'. Professor Fiona Dent of Ashridge Business School proposes situations when each style might be most appropriate, breaking down push into 'directive' and 'reasoning' and 'pull' into 'collaborative' and 'visionary':
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In the scenario, Rose intends to let both parties exchange their views and ideas so that solutions to current problems can be found. This is the typical characteristic of collaborative (pull) method.
NEW QUESTION 39
In which of the following persuasion methods, the influencer uses logics and objective reasons to persuade the others to buy intoinfluencer's ideas?
- A. Directive (push)
- B. Persuasive reasoning (push)
- C. Visionary (pull)
- D. Collaborative (pull)
Answer: B
Explanation:
There are two major persuasion methods: 'push' and 'pull'.
Persuasion can be defined as encouraging someone to do something that you want them to do for you.
Persuasion is reasoning with someone so that they will believe or do something they might not otherwise do.
Persuasion can be considered as 'pushing' on TOP so that they can accept the change in attitude or behaviour as a result of your actions.
Influence is the ability to affect the manner of thinking of another. Influence can be considered as pulling on TOP so that you achieve the same result, but TOP feels they have changed their attitude or behaviour as a resultof their reflection and thinking, and not your direct actions.
There are multiple variables to consider when choosing between 'push' and 'pull'. Professor Fiona Dent of Ashridge Business School proposes situations when each style might be most appropriate, breaking down push into 'directive' and 'reasoning' and 'pull' into 'collaborative' and 'visionary':
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Using logical and objective reasons is one of the typical characteristics of persuasion reasoning method.
NEW QUESTION 40
JCB is a large manufacturer of heavy machinery. The CPO is going to a negotiation with a Chinese supplier about procuring some major components. He is wondering about balance of power in the negotiation. Which of the following micro factors are most likely to shift the balance of power towards the buying organisation in this commercial negotiation? Select TWO that apply
- A. Eruption of epidemic in supply market
- B. JCB's switching costs are low
- C. Buyers purchase in small volumes
- D. These components are highly standardised
- E. Suppliers are more concentrated than buyer
Answer: B,D
Explanation:
Explanation
There are many factors that can influence the balance of power in a negotiation. These factors are classified into 3 levels:
- Macro level: STEEPLE framework: social, technological, economic, environment, political, legal and ethical
- Micro level: Porter's five forces:
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- One-to-one buyer-supplier dynamics.
The question asks about the micro factors that increases buyer's bargaining power. Among 5 answers, only 2 are likely to increase buyer'spower:
- JCB's switching costs are low: Buyer may easily switch its suppliers anytime
- These components are highly standardised: The products are not different any more, buyer may choose to buy from any supplier available.
Other answers cannot be correctbecause:
- Suppliers are more concentrated than buyer: Suppliers are forming oligopoly market, their bargaining power tend to be greater.
- Eruption of epidemic in supply market: this is a macro factor. Eruption of epidemic may cause factories closed and disruptions on supply chain.
- Buyers purchase in small volumes: Buyer will be seen as less potential to suppliers. Buying organisation may have difficulties to deal better price with suppliers.
LO 1, AC 1.3
NEW QUESTION 41
Which of the following best describes Leverage quadrant in Kraljicmatrix?
- A. High complex, low importance
- B. Low risk, high importance
- C. Low risk, low importance
- D. High value, high complex
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
In 1983, Peter Kraljic devised a means to segment the supplier base in the article in HBR. In this, heargued that supply items should be mapped against two key dimensions: risk and profitability.
Risk relates to the likelihood for an unexpected event in the supply chains to disrupt operations. For instance, in important areas of spend, such as tire suppliers for an automotive are business critical, and should a disruption occur, the auto company is likely itself to face substantial problems.
Profitability describes the impact of a supply item upon the bottom line. For certain areas of spend, such as stationery, supplies have only a negligible effect on profits. In other categories, a single source of supply can make or break a business.
Putting these two dimensions together yields a classic two-by-two matrix.
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Source: Peter Kraljic, HBR
NEW QUESTION 42
A buying organisation with a low spend but the reputation for paying on-time. In order to increase buyer's leverage in negotiation with suppliers, which of the following should be a priority of this buyer?
- A. Unavailable technical support
- B. Unclear tender award criteria
- C. Spend concentration
- D. Volume separation
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
According to Paul Steele's 'The Seller's Perspective', customer can be classified into 4 categories as below:
To increase theleverage in negotiation, buyer may increase its attractiveness and/or increase spend value. In this scenario, the buyer is already attractive to supplier as it always pays on-time, but the spend is still low. So to have greater leverage, the buyer has toincrease its spend volume by spend concentration. Spend concentration may take many forms as following:
- Vendor base reduction
- Volume pooling
- Volume redistribution
- Volume consolidation across categories
- Standardisation and harmonisation of specifications
- Forming purchasing consortia
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LO 1, AC 1.3
NEW QUESTION 43
Which of the following will help to indicate personality preferences in four dimensions?
- A. Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Resolution model
- B. Mill's RESPECT mnemonic
- C. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
- D. Intelligence quotient
Answer: C
Explanation:
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is an introspective self-report questionnaire indicating differing psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. MBTI indicates personality preferences in four dimensions.
The Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI) is a conflict style inventory, which is a tool developed to measure an individual's response to conflict situations.
Mill's RESPECT mnemonic is set out by Harry A. Mills which describes seven steps to agreements An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from a set of standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence.
NEW QUESTION 44
At which stage in a negotiation would questions be asked to obtain missing information?
- A. The proposing stage
- B. The bargaining stage
- C. The opening stage
- D. The testing stage
Answer: D
Explanation:
There are 5 key phases of negotiation:
The opening phase: confirm understanding and get the issue on the table The testing phase: check assumption and confirm understanding The proposing phase:asking 'if' The bargaining phase: using tradeables The agreement and closing phase The testing could take the form of questions following a presentation by either side or questions on a tender or proposal document received by the buyer from the potential supplier. The testing phase is necessary to confirm that your approach and objectives are appropriate for the negotiation situation you now find yourself in.
Careful listening, observation and interpretation of TOP's responses may give indication of the following:
Areas where TOP is willing and unwilling to make concessions
What factors or issues TOP places a high value on
If there are any non-commercial or emotional factors that may be pertinent TOP's underlying interests - why they are taking the positionthey are.
NEW QUESTION 45
According to Fiona Dent and Mike Brent, which of the following are characteristics of Push approach? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Collaborative
- B. Persuasion
- C. Seeking commitment
- D. Directive
- E. Inspirational
Answer: B,D
Explanation:
According to the book 'Influencing: Skills and techniques for business success' by Fiona Dent and Mike Brent, there are two major influencing styles. Push tends to be directive. It tells, and is clear and resolute, but needs to be employed in situations where firmness is required because of difficulties that exist or weakness is evident.
Pull is more participatory and collaborative. It seeks to incorporate everyone's perspective. It can appear wishy-washy if not skilfully employed. That approach should be followed which is most likely to secure commitment and not mere compliance.
The two divisions can be further divided into four style categories: directive; persuasive reasoning; collaborative - team oriented, people oriented to inspire them with a vision. The directive style relies on your expertise and reputation being respected by others, and where there really does seem to be one answer. It is "I" driven whereas persuasive reasoning is more "we" and issue driven. Directive styles can make the user appear as "a bull in a china shop"; persuasive reasoning can be portrayed as tough guy.
Collaborative influencing takes the "we" element further and seeks to mobilise everyone's ideas in a journey of discovery. It may have the flavour of "I'm your best friend", which may not go down too well. Visioning style is concerned to stir people's emotions in support of achieving an objective. This last one has been used by demagogues to stir people's hearts and minds for evil purposes as well as good.
A useful table offers the benefits, problems, words and body language associated with each style along with advice on when to use and when to avoid each. Cases and exercises illustrate these styles.
Empathy comes in for extended treatment with the definition of "standing in the other's shoes". This does not necessarily happen just intuitively, and therefore before a specific influencing effort there should bean intense effort to think about the other person or persons and to sense what it might feel like to be them - their hopes, fears, concerns, what turns them on, what turns them off, where are they coming from.
NEW QUESTION 46
Which of the following is most likely a consequence of falling interest rate?
- A. Increase savings
- B. Decreaseconsumption
- C. Decrease investment
- D. Increase aggregate demand
Answer: D
Explanation:
If interest rate are too low and credit is too, cheap rates can fund a spending boom with consumers and businesses buying (investment) more than they can afford to pay back.
NEW QUESTION 47
A procurement professional is preparing for anegotiation with supplier. She is setting targets for price which her company is seeking to achieve. Which of the following acronyms can help her identify limits before engaging in the negotiation?
- A. PPCA
- B. TIMWOOD
- C. RAQSCI
- D. MIL
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION 48
From the principled point of view about negotiation environment, which of the following is a true statement?
- A. There is no ideal negotiation environment in real life
- B. The room layout can be seen as a source of tactical advantage
- C. Advantage gained from uncomfortable negotiation environment is likely to last long after the negotiation
- D. Home advantage should not be exploited to win a temporary advantage
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
From a principled point of view, the focus of negotiation is on resolving the issue and not on winning temporary advantage over TOPthrough exploiting home advantage. From the principled point of view, the location and room layout should not be viewed as a source of tactical advantage and should not be used to try to gain advantage over TOP or unfairly influence them in the meeting room.
From a pragmatic point of view, not all of these elements in the ideal negotiation environment may be feasible, so the host may have to make compromises and explain these to TOP.
From a distributive point of view, the host will seek to create an advantage for themselves either explicitly or more subtly. It is arguable that any advantage gained through intentionally creating an uncomfortable environment to put short-term pressure on TOP is likely to be short-lived as TOP will likely reflect on this laterand seek means to get even.
LO 2, AC 2.4
NEW QUESTION 49
Which of the following are most likely to be direct costs of a steel manufacturer? Select THREE that apply.
- A. Cleaning services
- B. Insurance for production lines
- C. Scrap metal
- D. Seniormanagement salary
- E. Hourly production wages
- F. Coal
Answer: C,E,F
Explanation:
Direct costs are those costs of a product/service directly attributable/traceable to its production. Examples of direct costsincluding the following:
Materials and services bought-in: In steel manufacturer, raw materials are iron ores, scrap metal, coals, etc Labour or wages: money paid to staff for the work involved in producing the product.
Other expenses: other charges incurred that can be specifically attributed to a particular product, batch or service
NEW QUESTION 50
Which of the following are types of questions that are useful in opening and testing phases of a negotiation?
Select the TWO that apply.
- A. Closed
- B. Open
- C. Probing
- D. Leading
- E. Narrow
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
In the opening phase, parties should confirm understanding and get the issues on the table.
The testing phase is an information gathering stage where the hypothesis and assumption you have made in the planning stage can be tested or confirmed or disproved.
Opening questions (those that start with 'what', 'how', 'why') are used at the opening and testing stages to uncover needs and underlying motives, and to allow the buyer to get a feel of what is in store in the negotiation.
Probing questions are also useful to check that the supplier fully understand their offering, as well as your needs, and can also be used to communicate to the supplier that you know this category well. These questions are typically useful at the opening andtesting stages.
NEW QUESTION 51
In general, which of the following is the consequence of a flatter demand curve?
- A. Price inelastic
- B. Unit price elastic
- C. Price elastic
- D. Quantityelastic
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Elasticity refers to the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to a change in price or another factor.
In microeconomic graphs,elasticity and inelasticity can be shown by the slope of the demand curve. If a demand curve is almost horizontal, then the product pricing can be described as very elastic. If a demand curve is almost vertical, then the product pricing can be described asvery inelastic.
The formulae of elasticity:
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LO 2, AC 2.2
NEW QUESTION 52
To buying organisation, savings can be achieved from different saving levers or tactics. Which of the following are means that deliver savings through optimising specifications?
- A. Value engineering
- B. Part substitution
- C. Budgetlinkages
- D. Volume pooling
- E. Compare total cost of ownership
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
If driving greater value and efficiency from your supply base is your end, you should remember that there are many ways to do this without seeking to negotiate lowerprices. Below are 7 types of saving levers:
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NEW QUESTION 53
Which of the following are most likely to be sources of conflict that can emerge from the process of commercial negotiations? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Differences in conflict management style
- B. Types of purchase
- C. Differences in culture
- D. Line of the best fits
- E. Standard terms and conditions
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
There are multiple sources of divergent positions that can arise in situations where money is exchange for goods and services. There are 2 different types of sources. Those that arise from the content or subject matter of the negotiation (what is being negotiated) and those that arise from the process of negotiation (how it is being negotiated).
Sources of divergent positions - the process of negotiation:
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Line of best fits is the line that goes approximately through the middle of the data points with an equal number of data points above and below it. Line of best fits is a method of calculating medium value instatistics.
Standard terms and conditions are basic terms and conditions of business governing transactions that do not have a definitive contract, usually designed to be included in form documents such as orders. While there may be conflicts regarding standard terms and conditions, they are about the content of negotiation, not the process.
Type of purchase: when buying organisation makes an decision to purchase an item, a buyer is faced with three possible scenarios. The item to be bought could be a straight re-buy, a modified re-buy or a new purchase. Decision on type of purchase is purely an internal decision.
NEW QUESTION 54
Which of thefollowing should be the final step of a negotiation process if both parties cannot reach an agreement?
- A. Asking TOP for another concession
- B. Tempting TOP to reopen the negotiation
- C. Celebrating publicly about the deal
- D. Reflecting on performance
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Reflecting on performance should become a natural final step in the negotiation process.
'Celebrating publicly about the deal': Public gloating, even in success or failure, if it gets back to the supplier via the press or social media, will likely damage the relationship
'Tempting TOP to reopen the negotiation': whether TOP agrees to reopen the negotiation, procurement should reflect on their achievement and what can be improved.
'Asking TOP for another concession': TOP can agree or rejectthis concession. Eventually, reflecting should be the final step. Procurement can learn a lot from reflection on performance.
LO 3, AC 3.4
NEW QUESTION 55
'What specific tests do you carry out to ensure quality is achieved?' This is an example of which type of negotiation question?
- A. Closed
- B. Probing
- C. Leading
- D. Reflective
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The question requires more detailed answer, it is an example of probing question.
Probing questions are typically follow-up questions, and aim to elicit more detailed information on the back of the answer elicited from theopen questions. Probing question are also useful to check that the supplier fully understand their offering, as well as your needs, can also be used to communicate to the suppliers that you know this category well.
LO 3, AC 3.3
NEW QUESTION 56
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